Publications

*Introduction* Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) has emerged as a potential contributor to neuropathic pain induction and neuroinflammatory responses within the spinal cord. Moreover, evidence suggests a close association between toll-like receptor (TLR) and Mincle expression in myeloid cells. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Mincle antibodies in neuropathic pain and identified the epitope of these antibodies. In addition, the mode of interaction between Mincle and TLR inhibition was explored using isobolographic analysis. *Methods* Three different Mincle antibodies and a specific TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242) were intrathecally administered, and mechanical allodynia was evaluated using the von Frey test in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Isobolographic analysis was conducted on the effect of combination of TAK-242 and Mincle Ab. Microarray analysis examined the specific region of Mincle targeted by the antibodies. *Results* All Mincle antibodies and TAK-242 significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. However, the maximal possible effects (MPE) produced by the antibodies ranged widely from 37.1% to 91.8%, comparable to that of TAK-242 (88.7%). The combination of TAK-242 and the antibody with the highest MPE resulted in an additive interaction for their anti-allodynic effects. Epitope mapping revealed that each antibody targeted the extracellular domain, with epitope lengths ranging from 5 to 15 amino acids. *Conclusions* The current study demonstrates the anti-allodynic effect of Mincle antibodies and additive interaction with TLR4 inhibition in spinal nerve ligation model, suggesting the potential of blocking of Mincle signaling with its antibodies as a novel treatment strategy for neuropathic pain.

Objectives: This study sought to test the hypothesis that inducing an autoimmune response against the cardiac sodium channel (NaV1.5) induces arrhythmias. Background: Sporadic evidence supports the concept that autoantibodies may cause cardiac arrhythmias but substantial experimental investigations using in vivo models have been lacking to date. The NaV1.5 is essential for cardiac impulse propagation and its dysfunction has been linked to conduction disease. Methods: Rats were immunized with a peptide sequence derived from the third extracellular loop of the first domain of NaV1.5. After 28 days, we evaluated in vivo both the electrical and mechanical parameters of cardiac function. Histopathology, myocardial gene and protein expression were assessed. Whole-cell patch-clamp was used to measure sodium current (INa) density in isolated cardiomyocytes. Results: NaV1.5-immunized rats had high titers of autoantibodies against NaV1.5. On ECG recording, NaV1.5-immunized animals showed significantly prolonged PR-intervals. During Holter ECG-monitoring we observed repeated prolonged episodes of third-degree atrioventricular and sinoatrial block in every NaV1.5-immunized animal, but not in controls. Immunization had no effect on cardiac function. In comparison to controls, myocardial NaV1.5 mRNA and protein levels were decreased in immunized rats. INa density was reduced in cardiomyocytes incubated with sera from NaV1.5-immunized rats and from patients with idiopathic atrioventricular block (AVB) in comparison to sera from respective controls. In patients with idiopathic AVB, we observed autoantibodies against NaV1.5 that were absent in sera from healthy controls. Conclusions: Provocation of an autoimmune response against NaV1.5 induces conductance defects probably caused by a reduced expression level and an inhibition of NaV1.5 by autoantibodies, resulting in decreased INa.